Plasticity 3d

Author: m | 2025-04-25

★★★★☆ (4.9 / 1040 reviews)

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Tutorials - Plasticity 3D: Surface modeling bundle 2025, USD $20.00. Hello, fellow Plasticity 3D enthusiasts!Are you ready to dive into the exhilarating world of Plasticity 3D? In these courses

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Plasticity 1.4 best 3D modelling bundle for Plasticity 3D

18 ratingsBeginner's Journey into Plasticity 3D Modeling: Craft a Perfect 1:1 iPhone 14 Pro Max Model with Ease.Step into the exciting realm of Plasticity 3D modeling, tailored for newcomers. In just 3+ hours, transition from the basics to creating a flawless iPhone 14 Pro Max 3D model. Each lesson is crafted to demystify complex techniques, making them accessible and engaging. Welcome to your initiation into the world of 3D artistry in Plasticity."Check the trailer here:In this course, you will:✅ Plasticity Foundations Embark on a beginner-friendly exploration of Plasticity 3D, the latest revolution in 3D modeling.✅ iPhone Model Mastery Craft a perfect 1:1 iPhone 14 Pro Max 3D model, diving deep into every intricate detail, from outer casing to inner lenses.✅ Efficiency Hacks Unearth techniques and workflows designed to accelerate your modeling process without compromising precision.✅ Tips and Techniques Unlock invaluable insights, hints, and tactics to enhance the quality and finesse of your 3D models.✅ Export Excellence Master the art of exporting with a clean mesh, ensuring compatibility and elegance in other platforms like Blender and Cinema 4D.✅ Structured Learning Journey through a well-organized, engaging curriculum with a meticulous blend of theory and application. Experience-focused, comprehensive sessions with no skimming or unnecessary footage.Course Content 📦This course consists of ten clear and structured lessons that provide a balanced blend of essential concepts and practical application in Plasticity 3D. We start with the basics, like setting up the appropriate references, and then methodically progress through the various stages of creating an iPhone model. By the end, students will have a thorough understanding of the process and a complete model to show for their efforts. It's a direct and informative journey from start to finish.+ helpful bonuses you’ll get 🎁✅ Full project file✅ .obj iPhone 3D model✅ Reference images✅ Community support🚀 Bundle OfferThis course is available with 2 additional Beginner Courses in the "Beginner Super Bundle". Master all basics & core fundamentals of Plasticity with this bundle and start to create your own products & concept design.Check out more here: you will achieve with this course?The “Plasticity Surface Modeling Course” will help you to:💎 In-Depth Product Modeling Insight: Dive into the nuances of modern product modeling, appreciating the intricacies that define today's iconic gadgets like the iPhone.💎 Modeling Precision and Technique: Utilize Plasticity to its fullest, mastering the step-by-step processes that yield a detailed, accurate iPhone model.💎 Attention to Every Detail:Craft a comprehensive 3D iPhone model, focusing on every minute aspect, from the sleek exterior to the interior lenses, ensuring a thorough understanding and application.💎 Structured and Direct Learning: Benefit from over 3 hours of clear, well-organized content, making this course a definitive guide to iPhone modeling in Plasticity without any detours.💎 Achieve Modeling Excellence: Post-course, your 3D iPhone models will not only be meticulously accurate but will also showcase your ability to tackle intricate modeling projects.Course ModulesPart 00: Welcome (1min)Part 01: Introduction to Plasticity (20min)Part 02: Reference Images (3min)Part 03: Screen (16min)Part 04: Frame (25min)Part 05: Bottom (14min)Part 06: Frame Details (23min)Part 07: Lenses (25min)Part 08: Camera Lenses (26min)Part 09: Apple Logo (7min)Part 10: Export (21min)Recognized by the design community 🙋‍♂️You don’t have to take my word for it. See what others are saying about this course 👇Frequently asked questions 💬What's the primary goal of this course?The course is designed as a comprehensive step-by-step guide, aiming to teach you how to model an iPhone in Plasticity, right from setting up references to the final detailing.I'm new to Plasticity. Is this course suitable for me?Absolutely. This course is crafted with beginners in mind. It provides a clear, step-by-step approach, ensuring newcomers to Plasticity have the perfect starting point to dive into 3D modeling. If you're looking to embark on your Plasticity journey, this is the ideal place to start.Which Plasticity license/version do I need?This course requires an Indie/Studio license. You can follow along with every Plasticity version from 1.2 and above. If you have the Studio license, everything is the same for you and you can follow along as well.How does this differ from other available courses?This course stands out due to its clarity, precision, and thoroughness. Every step is explained in detail, ensuring you not only know the 'how' but also the 'why' behind each modeling choice.Will I be able to monetize the skills I gain?Absolutely. With the expertise you gain, you can sell 3D models, offer freelance services, or even guide others on similar projects.In what language are the courses available?Every course is recorded in English. However, if you'd like subtitles in any language, just send me an email at nikita@nikitakapustin.com, and I’ll add subtitles in your preferred language to the video player.What if I don’t like the course?If you’re not satisfied with the course, you can request a refund within 14 days of purchase—no questions asked. Just send me an email and I’ll process your refund promtly.Have more queries or concerns?Always here to help. Shoot me an email at nikita@nikitakapustin.com, and I'll address any questions you may have.Ready to dive into the beauty & magic of 3D modeling in Plasticity?Click the "Buy this button to start your journey today 🚀Buy this You'll fast-track your 3D modeling journey, mastering Plasticity to craft an exact iPhone 14 Pro model in this beginner-friendly course.Community✅Fully narrated & edited✅100% Money-Back-Guarantee✅Super enthusiastic teacher✅✅✅30-day money back guaranteeRatings5 stars94%4 stars6%3 stars0%2 stars0%1 star0%

Plasticity 3D vs. Moi 3D

With kinematic hardening. However, in kinematic hardening mode, multiple back-stress tensors are required which creates complexities during parameters estimation. The initial assumption of combined hardening in the current study provides preliminary understanding due to the absence of any known cyclic hardening parameters. The cyclic hardening parameters for 4 GPa RCF test are also estimated and given in Table 2.Table 2 Cyclic hardening parameters listed for Kine50% as an initial estimationFull size table4 Result & DiscussionThe newly developed Finite Element Model (FEM) simulates the RCF stress cycles as the load moves from right to the left end of the domain, as shown in Fig. 5. Simulations were conducted employing a semi-empirical NIKH material model (cyclic hardening parameters listed in Table 2) and power-law hardening model (uniaxial compression flow curve, Fig. 2). The material model follows the J2-based plasticity criteria. As load moves from right to left in the 3D domain, marked as RD (rolling direction), the material undergoes yielding resulting in a subsurface plasticity zone at the centre of contact track. The initial RCF cycles have been simulated to ramp the load gradually so that a uniform stress distribution can be obtained under the contact track.Fig. 5(a) Direction of loading in 3D domain and plasticity displayed in a cylindrical coordinate system denoted as 11: radial, 22: circumferential and 33 as tangential direction. (b) Octahedral shear stress represented in a circumferential plane sliced through the centre of contact trackFull size imageThe plastic strains at subsurface lead to the plasticity-induced residual stresses in a 3-dimensional state. With repeated RCF cycles, the cyclic stress–strain loop stabilises and reaches a steady-state indicating plastic shakedown. Fig. 6a and b represents a stabilised hysteresis loop obtained for power-law hardening model and NIKH material model, respectively. Each hysteresis loop is plotted for shear stress and shear strain components. Tutorials - Plasticity 3D: Surface modeling bundle 2025, USD $20.00. Hello, fellow Plasticity 3D enthusiasts!Are you ready to dive into the exhilarating world of Plasticity 3D? In these courses I help 3D Designers Artists master 3D Modeling in Plasticity in my courses tutorials. Plasticity All-In-One 3D Modeling Course - Motorcycle

Finger Snowboard by Plastic 3D

At a representative depth of maximum stress state. The number of cycles required to achieve the steady-state response of the hysteresis loop depends upon the loading behaviour and the cyclic hardening parameters. For the semi-empirical numerical model used in this study, the stabilised hysteresis loop was obtained after 5 contact cycles, whereas, for power-law hardening model, it was obtained after 3 contact cycles. The reason for such early plastic shakedown at 6 GPa is attributed towards the initial assumption of 50% isotopic/kinematic hardening contribution.Fig. 6Shear stress–strain cycle obtained for (a) power-law hardening and (b) NIKH material model; the steady-state hysteresis loop is represented by black solid linesFull size imageResult obtained after a few RCF cycles were acquired for a high load of 857 N and are presented in Fig. 7a and b. Fig. 7a represents the von Mises stress plotted with equivalent plastic strains for multiple load cycles operated under NIKH material model. The von Mises stresses continue to increase with increasing load and then start to saturate after a few load cycles as defined by the hardening parameters of the constitutive model. It can be noted that after first rolling pass, the area under contact track (subsurface region) accumulates a considerable amount of plasticity and then it starts to saturate once the stabilised cyclic stress–strain loop is achieved. A stabilised cycle is obtained just after four rolling cycles, where no further plasticity is generated under same RCF loading. The von Mises response (Fig. 7a) during rolling passes shows the generation of residual stress along with plasticity which cumulates with each rolling pass and its build-up tend to cease. The accumulation of plasticity in each load cycle in the presence of mean stress is termed ratcheting. The ratcheting phenomenon causes residual stress to relax. However, beyond shakedown limit the stress True contact pressure (Table 3). The close agreement and consistency of plastic deformation at contact track observed from experimental and simulation provides a linkage to the RCF subsurface damage and resulting continuously evolving residual stresses generation in the later stages of RCF life cycles.Fig. 8Contact track profiles obtained from FEM models and RCF test conducted at (a) 6 GPa and (b) 4 GPa contact stressFull size imageOnce the cyclic hardening parameters are testified for combined hardening model, the next step is to evaluate the cyclic hardening parameters which can best describe the evolved elastoplastic behaviour of bearing steel. The initial assumption of 50% kinematic hardening contribution in the total hardening can be varied and resulting contact track plasticity can be analysed. Table 4 lists a change in kinematic hardening contribution to 10%, 50% and 70% of the total hardening and resulting values of Q, C and γ are updated. Fig. 9a represents the contact track plasticity obtained from the variation in cyclic hardening parameters and compared with the experimental data. A 10% contribution of the kinematic hardening results in a maximum contribution of isotropic hardening which resists plasticity by a linear expansion of yield surface. Resulting contact track profile is plotted as Kine10% and is found quite low as compared to the experimental curve, whereas a 50% and 70% kinematic hardening curve lies in the vicinity of experimental data. It should be noted that these simulations are carried out with a fixed value of β = 50, which defines the rate of isotropic expansion. Changing the β value for current simulations affects the cycles required for plastic shakedown. A lower β = 15 results in slightly higher plasticity accumulation (PEEQ) as observed in Fig. 9b, however, requires a considerably higher computational time in terms of stress cycles required for plastic

3D modeling a plastic chair

Integrating Signals from Front to Back. Science 2003, 302, 1704–1709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]Mellado, M.; Muñoz, L.M.; Cascio, G.; Lucas, P.; Pablos, J.L.; Frade, J.M.R. T cell migration in rheumatoid arthritis. Front. Immunol. 2015, 6, 384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]Nevius, E.; Gomes, A.C.; Pereira, J.P. Inflammatory Cell Migration in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 2016, 51, 59–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]Sliva, D. Signaling Pathways Responsible for Cancer Cell Invasion as Targets for Cancer Therapy. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 2004, 4, 327–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Yamaguchi, H.; Wyckoff, J.; Condeelis, J. Cell migration in tumors. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2005, 17, 559–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Wu, J.-S.; Jiang, J.; Chen, B.-J.; Wang, K.; Tang, Y.-L.; Liang, X.-H. Plasticity of cancer cell invasion: Patterns and mechanisms. Transl. Oncol. 2021, 14, 100899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Mohammadalipour, A.; Diaz, M.F.; Livingston, M.; Ewere, A.; Zhou, A.; Horton, P.D.; Olamigoke, L.T.; Lamar, J.M.; Hagan, J.P.; Lee, H.J.; et al. RhoA-ROCK competes with YAP to regulate amoeboid breast cancer cell migration in response to lymphatic-like flow. FASEB BioAdv. 2022, 4, 342–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Bachem, M.G.; Schünemann, M.; Ramadani, M.; Siech, M.; Beger, H.; Buck, A.; Zhou, S.; Schmid-Kotsas, A.; Adler, G. Pancreatic carcinoma cells induce fibrosis by stimulating proliferation and matrix synthesis of stellate cells. Gastroenterology 2005, 128, 907–921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]DeClerck, Y.A. Desmoplasia: A Response or a Niche? Cancer Discov. 2012, 2, 772–774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]Gkretsi, V.; Stylianopoulos, T. Cell Adhesion and Matrix Stiffness: Coordinating Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis. Front. Oncol. 2018, 8, 145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Parekh, A.; Weaver, A.M. Regulation of cancer invasiveness by the physical extracellular matrix environment. Cell Adhes. Migr. 2009, 3, 288–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]Poltavets, V.; Kochetkova, M.; Pitson, S.M.; Samuel, M.S. The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and Its Molecular and Cellular Regulators in Cancer Cell Plasticity. Front. Oncol. 2018, 8, 431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]Artemenko, Y.; Axiotakis, L.; Borleis, J.; Iglesias, P.A.; Devreotes, P.N. Chemical and mechanical stimuli act on common signal transduction and cytoskeletal networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, 113, E7500–E7509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]Nam, K.-H.; Kim, P.; Wood, D.K.; Kwon, S.; Provenzano, P.P.; Kim, D.-H. Multiscale Cues Drive Collective Cell Migration. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 29749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]Mierke, C.T. Mechanical Cues Affect Migration and Invasion of Cells From Three Different Directions. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2020, 8, 583226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Birgersdotter, A.; Sandberg, R.; Ernberg, I. Gene expression perturbation in vitro—A growing case for three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2005, 15, 405–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Tibbitt, M.W.; Anseth, K.S. Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009, 103, 655–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Articulated Hippo by Plastic 3D

Really different. DOS · by Tomer Gabel (4534) · 2000 [ View all 4 player reviews ] Trivia 3D card supportThe 1.2 patch provides support for 3Dfx and Rendition Video cards. The gameplay is the same, but the blockiness was smoothed out.Arcade versionThe 3D accelerated version of this game served as a basis for the Game Arc Arcade System version at the Gameworks arcade in Seattle which opened on 15 March 1997.ReferencesOne of the game's cheat codes is FREESPACE. This was also the name of the next game from the developer.References to the gameA voice sample from the game was used in the song Plasticity (on the same-titled record) by the industrial band Front Line Assembly.SoundtrackDescent II features music by the New York goth metal band Type O Negative in the form of a very shortened, instrumental version of their song Haunted, as well as two tracks written by industrial legend OhGr (formerly of Skinny Puppy), called Ratzez and Glut.T-shirtThe original marketing slogan for Descent II was "You're going down... AGAIN!" Players could even get a T-Shirt featuring that slogan if they purchased the game from CompUSA.AwardsComputer Gaming WorldNovember 1996 (15th anniversary issue) – #123 in the “150 Best Games of All Time” listInformation also contributed byFloodSpectre,NeoMoose,phlux,Rantanplan andScott Monster. Analytics MobyPlus Upgrade to MobyPlus to view research rankings and price history! (when applicable) Related Sites + The Descent-Network Site Description:"The Descent Network hosts the biggest websites for Descent-related information and download since mid of 97. Since mid of 1998 we are extending our web to cover all other games released or about-to-be released by Volition, Inc. and Outrage Entertainment. This URL, descent-network.com, is there to combine the sites and to serve as a gateway to the Descent Network sites, as well as offering shared resources."My Opionion:Its the largest collection of. Tutorials - Plasticity 3D: Surface modeling bundle 2025, USD $20.00. Hello, fellow Plasticity 3D enthusiasts!Are you ready to dive into the exhilarating world of Plasticity 3D? In these courses I help 3D Designers Artists master 3D Modeling in Plasticity in my courses tutorials. Plasticity All-In-One 3D Modeling Course - Motorcycle

Articulated Shark by Plastic 3D

Cyclic fatigue and low cyclic fatigue are distinguished due to the number of running cycles required for failure and the rate of irreversible plastic flow which accumulates with corresponding stress cycles. RCF is, however, different from the conventional low cyclic and high cyclic fatigue due to complex multiaxial nature and non-proportional loading [2]. Typically in a rolling bearing element, carbide volume fraction, retained austenite, microtexture, microstructure and deep zone residual stresses with non-proportional cyclic stress histories make bearing material heterogeneous in nature [3]. A generic representation of a typical bearing life exhibits three phases of microstructural changes and residual stress evolution during RCF loading starting from initial plastic shakedown (stage I) to steady-state response (stage II) which is followed by the instability (stage III) leading to bearing failure [4]. Initial plastic shakedown refers to the initial accumulation of plasticity during RCF cycles; afterwards, there is little to no further plasticity generation and bearing operates mostly in the elastic regime.According to Hertzian contact theory, the maximum pressure (Pmax) required to cause plastic yielding of a subsurface material point with a static contact load is given by Pmax = 1.6 σy, where σy is the yield strength of the virgin material [5]. Rolling bearing elements are typically operated in 6]. However, the range of plasticity accumulation (∆εp) with progressive RCF cycle beyond the shakedown limit is minimal, i.e. in the range of ∆εp10 cycles [7]. During this steady-state stage, the microstructure of the stressed zone under Hertzian contact evolves gradually, which causes material phase transformation, changes in residual stresses and change in yield strength unceasingly. The ability of the material to work harden under such conditions is quite significant and the spatial and temporal evolution of this hardness change is very critical for damage accumulation as hardness change defines the material resistance

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User5484

18 ratingsBeginner's Journey into Plasticity 3D Modeling: Craft a Perfect 1:1 iPhone 14 Pro Max Model with Ease.Step into the exciting realm of Plasticity 3D modeling, tailored for newcomers. In just 3+ hours, transition from the basics to creating a flawless iPhone 14 Pro Max 3D model. Each lesson is crafted to demystify complex techniques, making them accessible and engaging. Welcome to your initiation into the world of 3D artistry in Plasticity."Check the trailer here:In this course, you will:✅ Plasticity Foundations Embark on a beginner-friendly exploration of Plasticity 3D, the latest revolution in 3D modeling.✅ iPhone Model Mastery Craft a perfect 1:1 iPhone 14 Pro Max 3D model, diving deep into every intricate detail, from outer casing to inner lenses.✅ Efficiency Hacks Unearth techniques and workflows designed to accelerate your modeling process without compromising precision.✅ Tips and Techniques Unlock invaluable insights, hints, and tactics to enhance the quality and finesse of your 3D models.✅ Export Excellence Master the art of exporting with a clean mesh, ensuring compatibility and elegance in other platforms like Blender and Cinema 4D.✅ Structured Learning Journey through a well-organized, engaging curriculum with a meticulous blend of theory and application. Experience-focused, comprehensive sessions with no skimming or unnecessary footage.Course Content 📦This course consists of ten clear and structured lessons that provide a balanced blend of essential concepts and practical application in Plasticity 3D. We start with the basics, like setting up the appropriate references, and then methodically progress through the various stages of creating an iPhone model. By the end, students will have a thorough understanding of the process and a complete model to show for their efforts. It's a direct and informative journey from start to finish.+ helpful bonuses you’ll get 🎁✅ Full project file✅ .obj iPhone 3D model✅ Reference images✅ Community support🚀 Bundle OfferThis course is available with 2 additional Beginner Courses in the "Beginner Super Bundle". Master all basics & core fundamentals of Plasticity with this bundle and start to create your own products & concept design.Check out more here: you will achieve with this course?The “Plasticity Surface Modeling Course” will help you to:💎 In-Depth Product Modeling Insight: Dive into the nuances of modern product modeling, appreciating the intricacies that define today's iconic gadgets like the iPhone.💎 Modeling Precision and Technique: Utilize Plasticity to its fullest, mastering the step-by-step processes that yield a detailed, accurate iPhone model.💎 Attention to Every Detail:Craft a comprehensive 3D iPhone model, focusing on every minute aspect, from the sleek exterior to the interior lenses, ensuring a thorough understanding and application.💎 Structured and Direct Learning: Benefit from over 3 hours of clear, well-organized content, making this course a definitive guide to iPhone modeling in Plasticity without any detours.💎 Achieve Modeling

2025-04-14
User8982

Excellence: Post-course, your 3D iPhone models will not only be meticulously accurate but will also showcase your ability to tackle intricate modeling projects.Course ModulesPart 00: Welcome (1min)Part 01: Introduction to Plasticity (20min)Part 02: Reference Images (3min)Part 03: Screen (16min)Part 04: Frame (25min)Part 05: Bottom (14min)Part 06: Frame Details (23min)Part 07: Lenses (25min)Part 08: Camera Lenses (26min)Part 09: Apple Logo (7min)Part 10: Export (21min)Recognized by the design community 🙋‍♂️You don’t have to take my word for it. See what others are saying about this course 👇Frequently asked questions 💬What's the primary goal of this course?The course is designed as a comprehensive step-by-step guide, aiming to teach you how to model an iPhone in Plasticity, right from setting up references to the final detailing.I'm new to Plasticity. Is this course suitable for me?Absolutely. This course is crafted with beginners in mind. It provides a clear, step-by-step approach, ensuring newcomers to Plasticity have the perfect starting point to dive into 3D modeling. If you're looking to embark on your Plasticity journey, this is the ideal place to start.Which Plasticity license/version do I need?This course requires an Indie/Studio license. You can follow along with every Plasticity version from 1.2 and above. If you have the Studio license, everything is the same for you and you can follow along as well.How does this differ from other available courses?This course stands out due to its clarity, precision, and thoroughness. Every step is explained in detail, ensuring you not only know the 'how' but also the 'why' behind each modeling choice.Will I be able to monetize the skills I gain?Absolutely. With the expertise you gain, you can sell 3D models, offer freelance services, or even guide others on similar projects.In what language are the courses available?Every course is recorded in English. However, if you'd like subtitles in any language, just send me an email at nikita@nikitakapustin.com, and I’ll add subtitles in your preferred language to the video player.What if I don’t like the course?If you’re not satisfied with the course, you can request a refund within 14 days of purchase—no questions asked. Just send me an email and I’ll process your refund promtly.Have more queries or concerns?Always here to help. Shoot me an email at nikita@nikitakapustin.com, and I'll address any questions you may have.Ready to dive into the beauty & magic of 3D modeling in Plasticity?Click the "Buy this button to start your journey today 🚀Buy this You'll fast-track your 3D modeling journey, mastering Plasticity to craft an exact iPhone 14 Pro model in this beginner-friendly course.Community✅Fully narrated & edited✅100% Money-Back-Guarantee✅Super enthusiastic teacher✅✅✅30-day money back guaranteeRatings5 stars94%4 stars6%3 stars0%2 stars0%1 star0%

2025-04-12
User1538

With kinematic hardening. However, in kinematic hardening mode, multiple back-stress tensors are required which creates complexities during parameters estimation. The initial assumption of combined hardening in the current study provides preliminary understanding due to the absence of any known cyclic hardening parameters. The cyclic hardening parameters for 4 GPa RCF test are also estimated and given in Table 2.Table 2 Cyclic hardening parameters listed for Kine50% as an initial estimationFull size table4 Result & DiscussionThe newly developed Finite Element Model (FEM) simulates the RCF stress cycles as the load moves from right to the left end of the domain, as shown in Fig. 5. Simulations were conducted employing a semi-empirical NIKH material model (cyclic hardening parameters listed in Table 2) and power-law hardening model (uniaxial compression flow curve, Fig. 2). The material model follows the J2-based plasticity criteria. As load moves from right to left in the 3D domain, marked as RD (rolling direction), the material undergoes yielding resulting in a subsurface plasticity zone at the centre of contact track. The initial RCF cycles have been simulated to ramp the load gradually so that a uniform stress distribution can be obtained under the contact track.Fig. 5(a) Direction of loading in 3D domain and plasticity displayed in a cylindrical coordinate system denoted as 11: radial, 22: circumferential and 33 as tangential direction. (b) Octahedral shear stress represented in a circumferential plane sliced through the centre of contact trackFull size imageThe plastic strains at subsurface lead to the plasticity-induced residual stresses in a 3-dimensional state. With repeated RCF cycles, the cyclic stress–strain loop stabilises and reaches a steady-state indicating plastic shakedown. Fig. 6a and b represents a stabilised hysteresis loop obtained for power-law hardening model and NIKH material model, respectively. Each hysteresis loop is plotted for shear stress and shear strain components

2025-03-29
User4172

At a representative depth of maximum stress state. The number of cycles required to achieve the steady-state response of the hysteresis loop depends upon the loading behaviour and the cyclic hardening parameters. For the semi-empirical numerical model used in this study, the stabilised hysteresis loop was obtained after 5 contact cycles, whereas, for power-law hardening model, it was obtained after 3 contact cycles. The reason for such early plastic shakedown at 6 GPa is attributed towards the initial assumption of 50% isotopic/kinematic hardening contribution.Fig. 6Shear stress–strain cycle obtained for (a) power-law hardening and (b) NIKH material model; the steady-state hysteresis loop is represented by black solid linesFull size imageResult obtained after a few RCF cycles were acquired for a high load of 857 N and are presented in Fig. 7a and b. Fig. 7a represents the von Mises stress plotted with equivalent plastic strains for multiple load cycles operated under NIKH material model. The von Mises stresses continue to increase with increasing load and then start to saturate after a few load cycles as defined by the hardening parameters of the constitutive model. It can be noted that after first rolling pass, the area under contact track (subsurface region) accumulates a considerable amount of plasticity and then it starts to saturate once the stabilised cyclic stress–strain loop is achieved. A stabilised cycle is obtained just after four rolling cycles, where no further plasticity is generated under same RCF loading. The von Mises response (Fig. 7a) during rolling passes shows the generation of residual stress along with plasticity which cumulates with each rolling pass and its build-up tend to cease. The accumulation of plasticity in each load cycle in the presence of mean stress is termed ratcheting. The ratcheting phenomenon causes residual stress to relax. However, beyond shakedown limit the stress

2025-04-25
User4380

True contact pressure (Table 3). The close agreement and consistency of plastic deformation at contact track observed from experimental and simulation provides a linkage to the RCF subsurface damage and resulting continuously evolving residual stresses generation in the later stages of RCF life cycles.Fig. 8Contact track profiles obtained from FEM models and RCF test conducted at (a) 6 GPa and (b) 4 GPa contact stressFull size imageOnce the cyclic hardening parameters are testified for combined hardening model, the next step is to evaluate the cyclic hardening parameters which can best describe the evolved elastoplastic behaviour of bearing steel. The initial assumption of 50% kinematic hardening contribution in the total hardening can be varied and resulting contact track plasticity can be analysed. Table 4 lists a change in kinematic hardening contribution to 10%, 50% and 70% of the total hardening and resulting values of Q, C and γ are updated. Fig. 9a represents the contact track plasticity obtained from the variation in cyclic hardening parameters and compared with the experimental data. A 10% contribution of the kinematic hardening results in a maximum contribution of isotropic hardening which resists plasticity by a linear expansion of yield surface. Resulting contact track profile is plotted as Kine10% and is found quite low as compared to the experimental curve, whereas a 50% and 70% kinematic hardening curve lies in the vicinity of experimental data. It should be noted that these simulations are carried out with a fixed value of β = 50, which defines the rate of isotropic expansion. Changing the β value for current simulations affects the cycles required for plastic shakedown. A lower β = 15 results in slightly higher plasticity accumulation (PEEQ) as observed in Fig. 9b, however, requires a considerably higher computational time in terms of stress cycles required for plastic

2025-04-15

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